Nanomedicine for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Breast cancer is generally classified based on the receptors overexpressed on the cell membrane, which include hormone receptors such as progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER), and HER2. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of cancer that lacks any of these three types of receptor proteins (ER/PR/HER2). Approximately 170,000 patients worldwide are diagnosed annually with TNBC [1]. Patients with TNBC show higher risk of recurrence for the first 5 years after treatment than those of non-TNBC [2]. These patients have a high rate of visceral metastasis compared with other types of cancer patients due to the poor prognosis, which remains a significant therapeutic challenge as there is no targeted and effective treatment for this group [3].

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