Gastrointestinal

The purpose of this system is to transport, digest and absorb nutrients, as well as to excrete waste products. Thousands of strains of bacteria live within the tract, these bacteria help with vital functions such as immune health, digestion and metabolism. In addition to these bacteria, the gastrointestinal tract contains a number of hormones such as, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and ghrelin.

The medicinal study of the gastrointestinal tract is called gastroenterology, which encompasses related oncologic conditions. The most common gastrointestinal cancers include colorectal, esophagogastric, pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Common symptoms of gastrointestinal cancer include heartburn, difficulty swallowing, nausea and vomiting, indigestion, loss of appetite and pain in the abdomen. These cancers can be caused by generic lifestyle factors such as, smoking and diet. However, there are also some causes that are specific to the gastrointestinal system, such as long-term acid reflux and gastritis. As well as a Helicobacter pylori infection, which has the potential to cause gastric and stomach cancer, however, this bacterium has also been associated with a reduction in esophageal cancer.

Several treatments can be implemented to improve these cancers. Such as, surgery, either to remove the tumor, or in more advanced cases, removal of part of the tract itself. Additionally, surgery may be implemented to create a new way for waste to leave the body. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy can also be utilized for gastrointestinal cancers.