Genitourinary
Genitourinary cancer is a specialized field focusing on cancers found in the urinary system and the male reproductive system. These include prostate cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, testicular cancer and cancers of the penis.
Prostate cancer can be further divided into acinar adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, urothelial cancer, squamous cell cancer, small cell prostate cancer or rarer tumors such as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and sarcomas. There are also several types of kidney cancer; renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, sarcoma, Wilms tumor and lymphoma’s. Treatment options for renal cell carcinoma is immune-based doublets made up of an anti-PD-1 agent plus an anti-CTLA4 agent or an anti-VEGF agent. Challenges of current treatment options for renal cell carcinoma are that the treatment options only cure 20–30% of patients and the options do not target the entire biology of renal cell carcinoma, resulting in limitations in efficacy.
Determining the type of cell that makes up a kidney tumor helps oncologists determine treatment options. Approximately 70% of kidney tumors are made up of clear cells, papillary kidney cancer is then the second most common. Other kidney cancer cell types are those that exhibit sarcomatoid features, medullary cells and collecting duct carcinoma as well as chromophobe, oncocytoma and angiomyolipoma.
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