Biomarkers to guide therapy or surveillance for prostate cancer

Approximately 241,000 men are diagnosed annually with prostate cancer in the USA, with 28,000 annual prostate cancer deaths [1]. PSA screening has led to a migration to earlier stage at diagnosis, with most patients diagnosed with localized disease [2]. Patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer frequently face the challenge of deciding between multiple effective, and in many cases equivalent, treatment options or undergoing active surveillance with deferred treatment. Physicians caring for localized prostate cancer patients are similarly faced with the possibility that these patients harbor clinically insignificant cancers that will never require treatment, while others with similar known prognostic factors will suffer progressive disease, despite aggressive therapy.

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